Historical Figurs of Nursing

Historical Figures of Nursing Whenever people mention or think of the history of nursing or nursing education many instantly think of Florence Nightingale or Clara Barton. Granted, Florence deserves credit for the advancements she made in nursing, but nursing goes back further than Florence Nightingale. One nurse, that little is known about is James Derham. James was born into slavery in approximately 1762, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. James was known to be owned by three different individuals, all of whom were doctors, one in Philadelphia, a British army surgeon, and a New Orleans physician (Hansen, A. 002). In the 18th century it was common for nursing education to be obtained through an apprenticeship, which is exactly how Derham became a nurse, assisting all three of his masters and learning from them. One of his masters, Dr. Robert Dove of New Orleans, encouraged Derham's interest in medicine. James worked as a nurse and purchased his freedom in 1783 (Wikipedia). After purchas ing his freedom, Dr. Derham opened a medical practice in New Orleans, by age 26 his annual earrings exceeded $3,000. 00 (Cobb, W. 1963). Dr. James Derham is the first African-American to formally practice medicine in the United States, although he never received a medical degree (Nursetini, 2009). Dr. Derham was known to speak English, French and Spanish. Dr. Derham returned to Philadelphia where he specialized in throat diseases and diseases related to climate (Wikipedia). Dr. Benjamin Rush, the father of American medicine, spoke with Dr. Derham and had the following to say â€Å"I have conversed with him upon most of the acute and epidemic diseases of the country where he lives. I expected to have suggested some new medicines to him, but he suggested many more to me. He is very modest and engaging in his manners. He speaks French fluently, and has some knowledge of Spanish† (Bennett, L. 1970). Derham disappeared around 1802, fate unknown (Nursetini). In 1960 New Orleans established the James Derham Middle School (now Junior High School) in his honor (Nursetini). Dr. James Derham demonstrated through his dedication to his profession what individuals can achieve with hard work. He overcame several barriers during his career, such as slavery and lack of a formal education, to become recognized as a professional who contributed to healthcare and the treatment of patients. Another individual who has contributed significantly to the advancement of nursing is Margaret Sanger, birth control pioneer (Wardell, D). Margaret was born in 1879 in Corning, N. Y. , one of eleven children of Irish immigrants. Margaret’s mother had 18 pregnancies, becoming weaker and sicker with each one, dying in her 40’s. Margaret’s goal was to become a doctor and to help individuals like her mother. Unfortunately there wasn’t any money for Margaret to go to medical school, but two of her sisters supported her education finically to become a nurse. Margaret was an OB Nurse working mostly in the East-Side/Lower East Side of New York City where she frequently received calls to help and tend to lower income women following self-induced abortions. The tragic case of Sadie Sachs is a well-known moment in the Sanger â€Å"saga. † As Sanger herself saw it, the Sachs case marked the turning point of her life and the beginning of the U. S. birth control movement (Wardell, D. 1980). Sadie Sachs was a 28 year old woman, mother of three children who called out for help following a self-induced abortion and had blood poisoning. Margaret stayed by Sadie’s bedside for three weeks, nonstop, until the crisis was over and Margaret’s 24/7 care was no longer needed. Margaret was present, when Sadie asked the physician caring for her, how to prevent another pregnancy. The physician told Sadie to have her husband sleep on the roof. Three months later, Margaret was called again to Sadie’s home, for the same reason. Ten minutes after Margaret’s arrival Sadie died. Margaret made her decision: â€Å"It was the dawn of a new day in my life†¦I knew I could not go back merely to keeping people alive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wardell, D. 980). Margaret Sanger dedicated her career to educating women on birth control and contraception prevention. Sanger had significant barriers to overcome, including governmental law, which cited birth control information to be a crime, and lack of physician education on birth control and physician willingness to learn about birth control and their unwillingness to chal lenge the law. Margaret remained dedicated to her commitment and established the first U. S. birth control clinic in 1916 in Brooklyn, N. Y. , which was staffed by Sanger and her sister, both nurses. The clinic was illegal and was raided by the NY city police. Margaret and her sister were arrested, Margaret served her time in prison, and Margaret’s sister served her time in a workhouse. Sanger eventually hired a physician, Dr. Hannah Stone, to staff her clinic and direct the new Clinical Research Bureau. Dr. Stone quickly became respected by her peers for her â€Å"competent care and eloquent statics† (Wardell, D. 1980). Again the clinic was raided, during the raid the police confiscated patient charts and private patient information, and this action finally got the attention, dissatisfaction and support of physicians. A key to Margaret’s continued success with the clinic was her marriage to J. Noah Slee, who was the president of Three-in-One Oil Company. Slee not only supported Sanger finically, but shipped diaphragms from Germany to his Canadian factory and then smuggled the diaphragms into the U. S, in Three-in-One Oil boxes. Margaret published pamphlets and gave lectures on birth control throughout her career while trying to establish her clinic, all to educate women and to help prevent unwanted pregnancies, allowing women to make wise health decisions for them. Margaret Sanger’s clinics remain in existence today, â€Å"Planned Parenthood. † Margaret took a personal experience of what she saw in the care of her patient and dedicated her life’s work to educating patients, helping them to make safe health decisions and safe health practices, not seeking back alley care or help. Margaret was instrumental in developing the practices and availability of services that the majority of women in the U. S. take for granted currently.

Adriaen van de Venne’s “Moralizing Scene with an Old Woman and a Man”

Adriaen van de Venne is perhaps one of the more popular Dutch painters from the Baroque era. Although he was not formally trained as an artist, a number of Dutch artists have influenced Adriaen van de Venne’s style. Jan and Peter Brueghel are two of the artists whose styles have influenced van de Venne quite greatly, both employing their painting style and the over-all theme of their chosen subjects.His experiences as a book illustrator, painter and draftsman, and the time he spent learning art with local artists enabled Adriaen van de Venne to come up with his own signature style, of which the grisaille technique appears most commonly.His painting, Moralizing Scene with an Old Woman and a Man was painted by Adriaen van de Venne in 1631. The oil on paper painting measures 6 9/16 inches by 4  ½ inches and is quite characteristic of the artist’s later style, specifically the grisaille technique.The grisaille technique primarily makes use of different shades of gray for a monochromatic, more dramatic effect. Perhaps the most striking characteristic of the painting is the use of subtle tones of the only one color to depict the entire scene.An old woman carrying a cat is seen smoking an older man’s pipe, which he carries close enough for the woman to take a puff. Another old man who is partly hidden behind the old woman is seen tapping her shoulder, while a boy patting a dog is seen behind the old man with the pipe.Another significant element in the painting is the use of light. The old man with the pipe carries a lamp on his other hand which lights his face quite clearly, as well as his hands and also the old woman’s face. The light that the lamp gives off makes it possible to see the finer details of the painting such as the old man’s thick beard; the old woman’s wrinkled face and also their soiled hands.The crescent moon on the upper left corner of the painting also makes wise use of light in the painting itself, adding more flair and making the otherwise dull night more dramatic. Art enthusiasts believe that Adriaen van de Venne’s Moralizing Scene with an Old Woman and a Man is one of his works which makes the best use of light to highlight the features of the subjects on his painting.True to Adriaen van de Venne’s certain quality of painting scenes that depict normal people in their daily routine in a satirical, often symbolic light to warn against a number of unpleasant behavior. The particular painting might be suggestive of this particular characteristic; however, one cannot derive an absolute notion as to what the painting specifically depicts.Only inferences may be derived from the said painting as to which â€Å"immorality† it may warn people against, owing to the seemingly innocent act of the old woman smoking an old man’s pipe. Perhaps it talks about the immoral behavior that both the old man and woman exhibit especially during the period it was painted.The ol d woman smoking the pipe may suggest her unfounded extravagance, while the old man offering his pipe may suggest his unclear intentions for the woman. The man tapping the woman in the background may perhaps be suggesting that the woman should not be smoking from somebody else’s pipe in the first place while the child petting the dog provides a great contrast with the immoral behavior going on in the foreground.Personally the grisaille technique is not one of my favorite painting styles because of its subdued and monochromatic colors; however, having this particular painting of Adriaen van de Venne hung as part of my collection will surely be a delight because it will always serve as a reminder and a warning of the immorality that exists in society.The artist’s real intentions behind the painting may no longer be discovered but how one looks at it and interprets it may hold different significant meanings for different people.

Exocytosis and the Neuromuscular Junction

Exocytosis and the Neuromuscular Junction: How Does Botox Work? Exocytosis is the process in which secretory vesicles are exported out of the cell membrane. These vesicles contain proteins which are then transported to parts outside the cell (Wilfred D. Stein, 2012). Neurotransmitters are released during this process into the synaptic cleft. These transmitters attract other transmitters to muscle membrane infoldings, which are called junction folds (Etherington & Hong, 2011).They diffuse across the break between the nerve and muscle to activate contraction. The progression in which signals are sent from motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibres to warrant movement of muscles is called neuromuscular junction (Etherington & Hong, 2011). Motor neurons, Schwann cells, muscle fibres and kranocytes are all the different cell types that make up the neuromuscular junction. Motor neurons send out axons to skeletal muscles where an action potential is passed along the axons.The axons form a syna ptic knob where they send activation signals to muscle ? bres (Etherington & Hong, 2011). Muscles are made up of hundreds of muscle fibres that all contract simultaneously when an action potential signal is transmitted by a motor neuron (Etherington & Hong, 2011). Schwann cells and kranocytes cover the nerve terminal. Schwann cells are a form of glial cells and Kranocytes are a cell  that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen (Etherington & Hong, 2011).Acetylcholine is an important aspect in neuromuscular junction. It is used to transmit signals to muscles to initiate contractions or movement of the muscles. The toxin binds to neurons where it separates. One part cleaves a protein ultimately preventing the deduction process necessary for the release of acetylcholine (Gill, 2004). Botulinum toxin, BOTOX, disrupts the release of acetylcholine so when signals are released to muscles, they can’t attach anywhere on the muscle causing the muscle to not contract, effec tively paralyzing the muscle (Gill, 2004).Because of this process, botulinum toxin has been used to treat many different disorders characterized by muscle contractions. BOTOX is a type of botulinum toxin that is used to treat spastic equinus gait in people with cerebral palsy. It is used due to its ability in decreasing spasticity and improving ambulation in those with cerebral palsy. Botulinum toxins block the release of acetylcholine in the neuromuscular junction which in turn helps people who have cerebral palsy manage their spasticity (Kim, Shin, Kwon, Kim, Jung, Bang, 2010).Neuronox is another drug used like BOTOX which improves spastic equinus and has been tested to be just as safe and reliable as BOTOX. Neuronox is another botulinum toxin which interrupts the nerve connection to muscles resulting in a localized reduction in muscle activity (Kim, Shin, Kwon, Kim, Jung, Bang, 2010). Overall, exocytosis and BOTOX are both connected to the neuromuscular junction while BOTOX is al so connected to the treatment of spastic equinus gate in cerebral palsy.

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Critique for Romeo and juliet play at - Essay Example The day when I got a chance to see the show was on March 21 at 7.30 P.M. Romeo and Juliet is the greatest love story ever told. Most English literatures recognize the ironic love story. Its setting is on the Prohibition Era in Chicago. It is a family drama of the timelessness of forbidden love. The strong desires of Romeo and Juliet are hindered by a deadly organized crime feud. A dilemma comes into the light whether to choose family or their love. It is a tragic romance. Audiences are usually challenged to examine not only the unfolding of passion but also the inevitability of fate. This makes it a very interesting play to watch and anyone who had the chance to visit the college’s Theatre had no other choice. The plot in many great works usually contains some very basic ingredients. There has to be the initial situation, conflict, complication, climax, suspense, denouement, and conclusion. The play followed all the fundamental elements. The explanation of each one of them is as follows There is a family feud between the Capulet and the Montague servants. The play opens when one of the Capulet servants signals to the Montague servants using a simple hand gesture. Unfortunately, this leads to a full-out fight. The Prince becomes so furious and points out that anyone who will be held holding a public fight would be put to death. On another part of the stage, the two lovers are introduced. Juliet is a young girl aged thirteen –years old; she belongs to the Capulet side. Romeo, on the other hand, represents the Montague side. He is supposedly head over heels in love with a girl called Rosaline. Rosaline though was too busy for him. Romeo crashes into a Capulet Party has hopes amidst hope that he would be able to have a glimpse on Rosaline. Instead, he sees Juliet and it was love, at first sight. They talk for a maximum of five minutes before starting to make out. The conflict occurs when

The Awakening and Into The Wild Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Awakening and Into The Wild - Essay Example Into the Wild, on the other hand, is a 1996 factual book written by Jon Krakauer. It is an extension of the author’s 9,000-word piece on Christopher McCandless known as the Death of an Innocent, which was published in the January issue of Outside, in 1993. This novel tackles the issues of how to be accepted and recognized in society, and how finding yourself, at times, clashes with being an active member of the society. In this reading, a reader could see that Chris McCandless was behind left to find some kind of enlightenment. He endeavors to find his path in the wild with little material assets since "it made the journey more fun" (Krakauer 32). His intense risk-taking habit was the hubris that finally led to his downfall. These two writings focus on theme them of how to be accepted into society with The Awakening incorporating a female character as the protagonist and Into the Wild incorporating a male character as the protagonist. This paper will discuss how the two writin g bring out these themes (the effects of self-expression) through analysis of character roles, conflict resolution and literary devices. Edna is the central character in The Awakening, which also refers to her title. The 28 years old woman, who is wifed to a New Orleans businessman, instantly finds herself dissatisfied with her husband, as well as the limited conservative way of living that it dictates (Chopin 30). She appears from her semi-conscious situation of a devoted companion and a mother to a situation of complete awareness, through which she finds her own identity and acts on her own desires for sexual and emotional satisfaction. Through a series of "awakenings", Edna turns into a shockingly independent girl and is accountable only to her personal passions and urges (Chopin 189). Sadly, Edna’s experience (awakening) isolates her form other members of society, which led to her state of complete solitude. Christopher McCandless was a smart, optimistic young man who dee med that life is best lived in isolation, otherwise in nature. He spent two full years putting his theory into practice in the "wild-wests" of the U.S before moving into Alaska. However, he was unprepared of this journey and eventually starved to death (Krakauer 40). What these two accounts show us is that these two character where on endeavors to find themselves in opposition to the accepted societal ways, but eventually ended up harming themselves. Edna, in the awakening, ended up in utter solitude the made her to commit suicide and McCandless, in Into the Wild, ended up starving to death. Edna’s breakthrough of ways to express herself brings about the disclosure of her long-repressed emotions. Through her experience, she learns at least three fresh "languages" (Chopin 78). First and foremost, she learns the style of expression of Creole women in Grand Isle. In spite of their chastity, Creole women converse freely and share their thoughts openly. Their openness initially st unned Edna, but she soon was free about it. Edna discovered that she can face her sexuality and feelings directly, devoid of any fear. Once some of her Creole friends reveal to her that it is fine to dwell on one’

Industry Research Part III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Industry Research Part III - Essay Example This paper, written by Enrico Moretti, is a very good source for analyzing and researching what factors led wage inequalities to grow in many countries in recent years. The housing market faces challenges unparalleled in the history. Wage inequality is another threat on the economy that seems to claims more victim day by day. This article argues that declining wages and wage inequality around the world present two different problems. The high levels of inequality can definitely lead to adverse social, economic and political troubles that would bring insecurity and unrest. The second is that, global purchasing power will be decreased due to declining wages and it may cause a decline in the global consumption. The severity of wage inequalities and its impacts on all our spheres have been well detailed in this article. According to the report published by International Labor Office, there are severe wage inequalities that lead to unemployment for workers in 83 countries around the world. (Dewan S, 2008). It means, the wage inequality raises issue to the 70% of world population. According to the research, the US is one of the developed countries where the difference between highest wages and lowest wages has grown more rapidly. Wage inequality is referred to the difference between wages of skilled and unskilled labors. The increase in wages inequality can be measured by using nominal wages. The wage difference between skilled and unskilled labors is significant in determining inequality. In the US, it is a known fact that, due to increased demand for skilled labors in cities, skilled labors have moved to metropolitan cities where housing costs are higher. The average daily expenses also get higher. As has been discussed by Moretti (2008), skilled labors are exposed to high cost living. At the same time, it shows that a relative increase in their real wage

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification Research Paper - 1

Foreign Market Entry and Diversification - Research Paper Example The aim of diversifying the business is to increase the stock prices and reduce the risks, which may arise in the new market; thus achieving effective business competitive advantage. The strategy for business diversification will be expanding the operation of the company through adding new markets, new products and services of different types and adding production stages to the existing business. The catalyst for achieving these strategies is taking into consideration the mission and vision of the business; thus grasping the opportunities when presented in order to move toward profitable business. The aim of this diversification strategy is to allow the business to enter business lines, which are dissimilar from the presented business operations. Some entrepreneurs believes that diversification is achievable through a natural advancement that is extending the new brands by offering customers a variety of products; thus meeting their demanding needs (Tielmann, 2010). However, an effec tive diversification strategy is capitalizing the core competence of the company and the strengths of flourishing brands to enable the business perform successfully into the new markets. The synergies may be gained from the diversified activity through incorporating the corporate level strategic decisions together with the diversified activity. ... Therefore, the company can achieve synergy from diversified activity through creating more value to diversified products. The corporate can also enter into the diversified areas where corporation key resources and capabilities can be shared and leveraged in order to improve organizational performance. The synergies can come from both horizontal and vertical relationships from varied business units. The company can take into considerations the core competencies by leveraging competencies and shared activities in order to fuel the new business growth. Before the LLC Company enters into the foreign market, they should first analyze the environmental conditions of the foreign markets. They can employ effective models for analyzing the country’s attractiveness and the competitive strength of the business. Therefore, the foreign markets where the LLC Company can enter are the overseas markets such as the European markets. The company will employ effective strategies for entering the oversea markets in order to enable them become competitive; hence increasing profitability. One of the effective strategies that the company will employ is indirect export strategy. The company can use this strategy for matching the requirements of the foreign buyer. It can also choose to deal with international business that takes into considerations the foreign policies and regulations. The second strategy is the direct export since analyzing the direct export activities will enable the company to take greater control of their activities. It can involve in product sales and distribution in the international markets; thus employing this strategy will enable them to increase their sales. Lastly, it can employ foreign

How important a first impression is in an interview in todays economy Essay

How important a first impression is in an interview in todays economy - Essay Example A first impression on the interviewer helps the interviewee to impress the members who are taking the interview. It is necessary for the candidate to prepare for the interview beforehand so that he can make a good first impression. With a good first impression the interviewer goes slow with the interview asking him questions which might possibly help him enter the arena. Moreover even if the interviewee is not able to answer certain questions properly, then the first impression would make up for the interviewee so that he gets successful (Ronald 2002). In order to make the first impression appealing it is necessary for a candidate to be prepared. Appearance is counted as the first factor to impress the interviewer as when an individual enters the room of interview his appearance is the first thing which is to be noticed by everyone. Secondly his resume also works toward the first impression by allowing the interviewer to gain an insight into the qualifications of the candidate. The resume should be brief and well organized so that the interviewer can get grasp of all the important things. And thirdly it is necessary for a candidate to reach on time for interviews as it would create a good first impression on the interviewer (Renee 2007). By following all the protocols of an interview the candidate can be sure that he will make a good impression. A good impression in the current economy helps individuals to get jobs which are otherwise difficult to take. The interviewer judges the candidate from his very first impression and this might be the key to success for the candidate. A good first impression would also help the interviewer to know much about the interviewee as it is important in relation to the aspects of the job. Coming on time, right appearance and the right resume would create a balanced first impression which would help the interviewer to know that the person is fit to work in the position he has applied for (Bloch 1997; Ronald 2002). In

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biology - Essay Example Some of the first scientists to pioneer into the field of modern genetics and evolution were Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin. Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered to be the father of modern genetics. Specifically, his intellectual curiosity stemmed from his technique and involvement in horticulture, specifically pea plants. He was interested in how the transmission of traits occurred not only in his pea plants, but in people as well. He used selective breeding techniques to track the traits as they were passed on from generation to generation. The reason that Mendel chose to study pea plants was due to the fact that pea plants are a model organism. The traits were easily observable (pea color, pea shape, stem length, etc.). He could also cultivate multiple generations quickly in order to collect his data regarding the experiments. From his data, he was able to show that the current theory of the time, blending theory, was incorrect. Unfortunately, most of his work an d theory was not recognized until after his death (Edleson, 2001). The basis by which all rules in modern genetics are derived from are from the three laws that lay the foundation for genetic study: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. The law of dominance states that in genes, there are two copies. The gene that is expressed is dominant over the other and the one that is not shown is recessive. This was observed in the pea color of Mendel’s plants in that the yellow color was dominant and the green was recessive. The law of segregation states that during gamete formation, the pairs of genes will separate randomly and then will combine during fertilization. This is what produces the genetic variability in an organism. Lastly, the law of independent assortment states that the way in which genes are sorted during gamete formation is completely random and that they do not have an effect on one another during this process. These rul es of genetics have remained unchallenged and are the fundamentals of understanding complex genetic theory (Griffiths, et. Al., 2008). Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who developed the modern theory of evolution. He specifically was interested in the way in which evolution occurred. The observations for his theory were a majority from his voyage to the Galapagos Islands on the HMS Beagle. He considered the Galapagos Islands to be a sort of â€Å"cradle of creation† in that the isolation of the island from humans allowed it to be a hot spot for ecological and evolutionary development. He collected many different specimens and fossils that he noticed were similar species. It was from this that he hypothesized that there was a mechanism by which evolution occurred and that this could be observed through studying the ecology of the region. He published his findings in the Origin of Species and was at first scrutinized for his theories, often being described as blasphemy a gainst the notion of a scientific theory for creation. Never the less, Darwin’s theories regarding evolution became the groundwork for scientists today who are studying modern evolution (Greenberger, 2005). Darwin’s theory of evolution was based on the concept of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Natural selection states that based on the traits that are expressed by a species that some of them will allow greater adaptation to the environment than others. This adaptation makes the organism â€Å"

Heat and temperature Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heat and temperature - Coursework Example As the kinetic theory of matter deals with the speed of particles of matter then the determination of particle speed can help us to study the kinetic theory of matter in greater detail. Therefore, the study of heat helps us to study the kinetic theory of matter. Heat is a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another in a system. When a warmer body is placed along a colder body, the heat from the warmer body will tend to go to the colder body. This process will continue until the energy of both systems becomes equal. (Reif, 2000) There are three modes of heat transfer better known as conduction, convection and radiation. Heat energy is important as it has direct relation to the physical state of a system. The addition of heat energy excites the particles present in a system. This enhances their random motion. Similarly, the removal of heat energy depresses the particles in a system which decreases their random motion. Temperature is a measurement that helps to quantify just how hot or cold a system is. Like other forms of measurement, the temperature scale is relative too. Temperature is used to measure just how much heat is being talked about. (Chang, 2004) Temperature helps to classify is there is some difference in heat between two bodies. This difference can be used to estimate the amount of heat transfer that will occur between both systems. Heat as already mentioned is a representation of the state of particle’s motion in a system. However, the speed of particles cannot be judged from one particle to the other. Therefore, there had to be some method of measuring the heat contained in a system. When a system contains heat, the particles in the system display random motion. This random motion is dealt with as the kinetic energy of the system. The speed of the particles and their weight are used to express the kinetic energy of a system. The total kinetic energy of a system is the heat content that resides in the system. This heat can be measured in reference to temperature. Temperature expresses the average measure of the heat contained in a system. Temperature expresses the willingness of a system to transfer heat energy if placed along a system with lower heat energy. Therefore, temperature is a method of measuring the total heat content of a system. (Kittel & Kroemer, 1980) Often heat and temperature are assumed to be one and same. However this concept is entirely false. Heat represents the total of a certain kind of energy possessed by a system. The temperature is only a method of measuring this energy possessed by the system. For example, if there were water standing in a pool which represented heat, then the measurement of its depth would be equivalent to temperature. Therefore, heat is a property possessed by a body while temperature is a measure of that body. Heat is possessed by all systems to varying degrees and is transferred by all systems to varying degrees too. However, the amount of heat retained by a system and the amount of heat transferred by a system vary in large part from one material to another. As an example, it is known that metals are good at the transfer of heat and insulators such as rubber are bad at transferring heat. The tendency of a body to both retain and transfer heat can be measured and expressed as well. This is also considered to be a property of the body and is known better as the â€Å"

Cross-cultural communication Essay Example for Free

Cross-cultural communication Essay Cross-cultural communication is an art which cannot be practiced without verbal and non-verbal communication. Interacting with people of the same culture requires certain skills so interacting across different cultures is a task ahead. Every culture doesn’t only have its own language but also has a unique set of codes and customs; this makes verbal and non-verbal communication both important. With over 3000 languages and many dialects spoken in the world today, it is impossible for everybody to learn all of them. This humungous variety that is available creates problems for the cross-cultural communication. Apart from this the way words are uttered; the accents used add to the problem. In this case, the standard language makes cross-cultural communication easier. For instance one form of Arabic language is most common so it is widely used; Modern Standard Arabic. The same way an official language is given preference when interacting with people of different cultures. A country having many provinces synchronizes on a national language. Every province may have a different language but there is one language which is common to all. The same way the standard language for communicating across countries and continents is English. It is the most widely spoken language in the world and helps to overcome many ethnic differences. The reason that English is proved helpful in breaking barriers is that it is derived from other languages so many cultures can easily relate to it. Language is especially important when the interaction is not on face to face basis. In this type of interaction one cannot get the aid of body language and communication is solely dependent on words. Etiquettes over here emphasize the importance of verbal communication. People should take care of their words; they shouldn’t offend others while speaking. A word which means something good in one language might mean something totally appalling in the other. Care must be taken while selecting words for cross-cultural communication. Slang language especially should be avoided. While the importance of verbal communication is obvious and can be easily seen, the importance of non-verbal communication comes through experience and knowledge. The value of non-verbal communication is in fact greater than that of verbal communication across cultures. When the verbal communication is weak, non-verbal communication is relied upon. Gestures, eye contact, physical appearance, touch, expressions, silence and behavior speak a lot when we fall short of words. Majority of French people don’t understand English language and only communicate in their own language. When tourists visit their homeland it gets difficult for them to communicate. This is where non-verbal communication becomes very important. Actions help in communicating and letting people of different cultures interact without language. Some gestures are world widely same, others may show one thing in one culture and another in another culture. (Reisinger, 2009). Personal space or physical proximity is also an important non-verbal communication element. In some cultures, people dislike standing too close and maintain some distance between them while in others people stand pretty close while talking and consider it rude to stand apart. To make cross-cultural communication easier people are learning more languages but it is also very important to research other cultures and understand their non-verbal communication. Even if language skills are not appropriate, messages can be conveyed if body language is used correctly. It is said that non-verbal communication makes the first impression because even before a person opens the mouth to utter a word, an impression is made. (LeBaron, 2003). Non-verbal interaction is important during face-to-face communication. It can occur through the sensory channels- sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. Listeners process the non-verbal communication apart from the verbal one. Charles Darwin was the first man to conduct a study of non-verbal communication. His book â€Å"The Expressions of the Emotions of Man and Animals was published in 1872. In this writing he argued that animals show emotions on their faces so they communicate a lot without speaking (Davis, 1999). It is said that verbal communication is more important in public speaking and non-verbal communication is very important in interpersonal relationships. Also it is considered more polite is ideas are conveyed by non-verbal cues rather than verbal, especially in embarrassing situations. There are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication: †¢ Express emotions †¢ Express interpersonal attitudes †¢ To accompany speech in managing the cues of interaction between speakers and listeners †¢ Self-presentation of one’s personality †¢ Rituals (greetings) Another important thing is that during non-verbal communication it is easier to catch someone who is not speaking the truth. Facial expressions and hand movements tell a lot. This also helps the interviewers when people go abroad in search of jobs. An interesting point of view of non-verbal communication is that it is rich in beauty. Cultural dance competitions are held and different cultures perform their own dances. Without speaking a whole story is formed and the message is conveyed. This is the beauty of non-verbal communication (Storti, 1994). It is important to address issues of both verbal and non-verbal communication. It is because in this competitive age those who have an edge over others and are good at everything are successful. References: Storti, C. , 1994, â€Å"Cross-Cultural Dialogues†, Available at http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cross-cultural/book/crosscultural-dialogues. html [ Accessed May 12, 2010] Davis, L. ,1999, â€Å"Doing Culture: Cross-Cultural Communication in Action†, Available at http://www. kwintessential. co. uk/cross-cultural/book/communication-action. html[ Accessed May 12, 2010] LeBaron, M. ,2003, â€Å"Cross-Cultural Communication, Available at http://www. beyondintractability. org/essay/cross-cultural_communication/ [ Accessed May 12, 2010]

Mass media Essay Example for Free

Mass media Essay Since television has been one of the most influential tools of mass media, there is an increase in concern over children’s changing image of ideal body of women as experienced through mass media. The kind of women and the body that they should take is increasingly becoming unrealistic. Since children today spend a large chunk of their time watching television, the mass media images may alter the perception of children in terms of the realities of female body. This is especially important in the light of the fact that 86 percent of advertisements occurring between television shows use women as image model. The exposure of children to models as advertisers really affects their perception in terms of attractiveness, desirability, personal worth and success. This could make children link thinness as directly related to these positive characteristics (Burggraf and Fouts, 1999, p. 27). Another important issue in terms of the way the female body is emerging in mass media is the increased commodification of women. The plethora of economic developments and the rise of consumerism have made women devalued once more through making women as effective tools for advertising (Atwood, 1992, p. 23). Studies on the role of women in advertising have shown that many commodities in the period of increased commercialization have directly linked women to many commodities. The rise in commercial culture produced newer codes of consumer practices and has pushed the integration of sex into advertisement. â€Å"This means that even as the tea-drinking woman became an exemplar of restrained, properly domesticized femininity, the sugared tea she drank from fragile, luxurious, china cups retained a disturbing connection to a more transgressive version of her sexed body† (Sussman, 1998, p. 6). One of the major points expressed in various literatures involve feminist discourse that the female body is increasingly becoming exploited. Many of the products today are being advertised not in relation to their function but as a seductive come-on to entice consumers to buy the product because of the element of sex. The female body, thus, in the process becomes mere commodity. The main attraction for many advertisers is not to connect the value with the function of the product. The emphasis is increasingly connected with the female body and the air of sex that it emits. The female quest for thinness rest upon both Western ideals of individual control of the body and the economic abundance that provides most people with enough to eat. Cultures in fear of starvation have historically favored larger body mass. However one looks at it though, the women’s body continues to be a fascination of man which is utilized by media to promote its own ends. Over the long haul, that translates to a deterioration of values and women’s true role in society and thus deserves deeper thought and rightful action. As a solution to this, there is a need to consider that the female body not as primarily directed towards male. Despite the changes in the society today, which increased the accessibility of work that was previously occupied by men, females have increased their dependency on men (Trahair, 1989, p. 23). The production of material wealth is necessarily a masculine interest and the women in corporate world is a clear sign that women performing corporate jobs are just basically slave of the interests of men to produce more wealth and good for the society. This inclusion of women comes with a high price. The price is coming from the fact that while they are encouraged to pursue success in their careers and in their jobs, they are still unable to achieve the kind of success that men enjoy in society (Trahair, 1989, p. 23). In this regard, women feel that once again the kind of work that they are doing is undervalued. In the process, they become even more dependent on men in terms of boosting their self-esteem. This only creates a cycle of psychological struggle and suffering. Secondly, there is also a need to emphasize the fact that men still control the economic activity in both the private and public sphere. Indeed, the image of the female body in mass media has been increasingly distorted. On the one hand, the mass media’s ideal of the female body is increasingly becoming unattainable and distorted. This could create problems about women’s self-esteem, and the change in the real meaning of success and attractiveness. On the other hand, the mass media is creating a consumer culture and uses the female body to achieve the goals of sales. Either way it is quite unfortunate that in both ways, it is the female body, which would suffer. There is a need to shift the perspective away from the changing ideal of the female body. This will definitely be a difficult task for the society as the plethora of magazines and other forms of mass media is becoming more and more complex. It is important that the feminist groups start to get up from their long hibernation. A complex awareness program that would educate women about the value of the body and self-esteem will definitely be a good starting point. WORKS CITED 2006. Eating disorders. Retrieved March 26, 2007 at: https://www.anred.com/elder.html

Ray Ozzies Role at Microsoft

Ray Ozzies Role at Microsoft Introduction Ray Ozzie was the known to play a major role at the lotus notes before he became the Chief Software Architect of the Microsoft team (Microsoft, 2010). In 2005, he aimed to webify† Microsoft in order to level up with the wide use of internet and search engines such as Yahoo! and Google. He had to create a management strategy in order to find out the best way to share the information through his colleagues and be able to sum up the ideas on how to maintain the revenues of the company. The case study, Ray Ozzie, Software Strategist†, relates with the everyday processes, practices and activities that are involved in creating a strategy. Why was the Semiahmoo retreat not successful in creating sustained momentum around the issue of Microsofts core? The March retreat of the companys top 110 or so executives including Bill Gates was not successful because they failed to discuss the key factors about the Microsofts core. It is said that the company relied on selling proprietary software straight to users or to the manufacturers of computer for pre-installation on machines. However, the strategy was being challenged by free open-source software like linux and web- based companies whose software was free off the internet and supported by advertising such as Google or Yahoo!. This seemed to leave the company behind the emerging software that offers free access over the internet and is able to use by the customers directly. The companys processes of reaching the market have had difficulties most especially the shipping of products. Retreat at Semiahmoo was not able to initiate a clear discussion of the things that Microsoft has to do in order to get back to the emerging companies in the Information Technology industry today. They have got breakout sessions in order to brainstorm various strategic issues and it was observed that the people within the company relate to Bill. It appeared to be more of a team building for the executives and the group refused to organise the issues covering the strategy or the issue of the Microsofts core. They argued it was untimely and likely to cause unnecessary apprehension to engage more people as it involves the past strategies. Thus, the momentum from the retreat on Semiahmoo did not have enough space to tackle the said issue. The importance of focus on the processes and practices with regard to the activities of the company is given much attention rather than the issue of sustaining the strategy for selling products in a unique manner (Christensen, 1997). The practice of strategy involves the important components of how the organisation manages its people and links the outcomes from strategising events, activities, meetings and other. In addition to, the focus of the group went to the attraction of the place, perhaps, and the experience to bond with each other. The strategic challenge that Microsoft was facing was not clearly defined as well. The team relied on the past strategy and thought it was irrelevant to review. The retreat ended without accomplishing what was really tasked to do because the team overlooked the criticisms about the past strategies without realising that it is important to be able to figure out what specific changes to focus on or where exactly they should concentrate. Why was Ozzie more successful in creating follow-on action after the Robinswood retreat? After the Semiahmoo retreat, the company had a second retreat because the first attempt to create a strategy for the Microsofts core evaporated. Ozzie took charge of the second retreat and it was successful. Although Ozzie have not tried working intimately with the team, he took his chance on delivering and defining the strategic challenge that the company was facing. The retreat was held as Robinswood house where in it appeared to be substandard unlike the Semiahmoo retreat. Ozzie provided a 51- page memo beforehand that describes his diagnosis of the strategic challenge facing Microsoft. He detailed out the challenges for the company through his friendly mood and did not confront anyone with the past mistakes of the company. He opened up a discussion through an invigorating exercise about the unfavourable things happening in the present technical and organisational strategy of the company (Fried, 2009). Thus, it gave the team a chance to speak up and raise the issues with regard to the mistakes of the company on its operations most especially the issues that they have to solve most especially the fluctuating revenues of Microsoft. The meeting resulted on a more intense discussion with the team about the future strategies that could benefit the organisation. A progress was made although a good deal of controversy was still present. Furthermore, Ozzie put a highlight on the changing environment and the importance of service to the clients. The communications technologies have drastically developed into a more convenient form. In the modern world, the people pay much attention to the interaction with the company and its products and services and how they are able to use in a simple way. The businesses are directly reaching the customers with lower costs and provide a great service. Technology companies are now practicing ways to sell the products without the hassle of shipping and most importantly with lower costs such as downloading the application directly from the website supported by advertisements and the like. As Ozzie have seen, Microsoft is not developing a strategy on how to compete within the industry most especially the strategy of advertising- supported services and software over the internet. The strategy depicts innovation and fives the foundation for the web developers to improve and develop the services to the customers. Microsoft has to embrace this kind of business strategy in order to come up with a more practical way to reach and interact with the market and benefit the company with remarkable revenue. The company have to reflect on its past mistakes and relate to the present environment to be able to emerge with what is going in the market. The leadership responsibilities, strengths and weaknesses of the company should be discussed in a genial manner so an immediate response from the team could result to a better strategy to solve the challenges. The business might be at risk if the team fails to handle the dilemma accordingly and did not maintain an open communication (Levy, 2008). Comment on Ozzies communications strategy with regard to the Internet Services Disruption. The communication strategy of Ozzie is indeed a good way to reach the executive staff and he explained clearly what his goals are for the company. According to the memo, he has a lot of positive reasons to innovate more with regard to the strategic challenge that the company is facing. He delivered the memo very well such as stating that the leaders understand the efficiency of eradicating the hindrances on developing products. Reorganisation is considered to be an important step for improving the alertness of the company (Ozzie, 2005). He maintained a positive outlook on the past strategy of the company although it prevailed to put the business at risk. He still considered past strategies to start the development of the company on what he aims on his recent strategies. It is a very good way to motivate the organisation to move on to the next stage and be able to encourage them to participate and work accordingly. His idea of differentiating the strategy from the past developments of the company made it significant to understand the whole point. He immediately perceived the feedbacks of the readers so he addressed, in advanced, the possible doubts of the readers of his memo. Ozzie continues to innovate as he mentioned a continuous change every five years for the company to cope with the changing environment of the market considering that technology is growing rapidly. His focus on the recent strategic issues gives the memo a clearer objective to increase the motivation for the team to work well on creating new products and continuously creating a solution to the challenges. Ozzie is catered to the transformation of the company into a more user-friendly and interactive to reach the customers, partners and other for bigger opportunities (Ozzie, 2005). Thus, Ozzies communication strategy promotes a vision and a set of well- defined goals and objective that makes a dependable leader to integrate the varied activities and ideas of the whole team. Conclusion Ray Ozzie worked well on the creation of new strategies for the Microsoft such as going live and being more interactive with its users. Advertising-supported software and other internet-based applications are emerging in the market and are doing well with its revenues. The techniques of internet advertising have drastically affected by the innovations on technology. The use of broadband is considered to be a blanket for the market starting from the purchase of the computer up to the installation of its software and applications. Hence, it calls for an extensive innovation for Microsoft to comprehend with the use of the World Wide Web. Works Cited Ray Ozzie, Software Strategist: Case Study† (Please put the details of the book where you get the case study) Christensen, C. The Innovators Dilemma, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, 1997 Fried, I. Ray Ozzies view from the clouds†, cnet news. (November 18, 2009) from http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10400244-56.html?tag=newsLeadStoriesArea.1 retrieved 02/19/10. Levy, S. Ray Ozzie Wants to Push Microsoft Back Into Startup Mode†, Wired Magazine: 16.12. (November 24, 2008) from http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/16-12/ff_ozzie retrieved 02/19/10. Microsoft. Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates†, Microsoft New Center (2010) from http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/jun06/06-15CorpNewsPR.mspx retrieved 02/20/10. Ozzie, R. Internet Services Disruption†, (October 28, 2005), from http://www.scripting.com/disruption/ozzie/TheInternetServicesDisruptio.htm retrieved 02/19/10.

Difference Between Greek and Roman Warfare :: essays research papers

THE SPANISH AND DUTCH INFLUENCE ON WARFARE AT THE BATTLE OF BRIETENFELD   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Spanish way of waging war with the new gunpowder weapons involved the use of pikemen. The pikemen were formed in with the harquebus as a means of protecting the shooters in between reloads. The Spaniards used a tactical unit of 3,000 men called a tercio, which was a combination of pikemen and harquebus. The Dutchman, Marice of Nassau, developed a training method that enabled the shooters to maintain a barrage of fire on the battlefield.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Dutch method of training and drills was adopted by Gustavus Adolphus and employed at the Battle of Brietenfeld against the German Catholics. The Swedish commander was able to decrease his formation down to six ranks that would be able to maintain a string of fire without having to have any protection from pikemen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Swedish commander was also able to increase the firing speed of his artillery and had within his arsenal 24, 12, and 3 pound weapons. The commander trained his men to charge at the enemy instead of waiting to be picked off in skirmishes in front of the enemies formation. Gustavus Adolphus also put a new twist on the countermarch method, which was normally used as a defensive tactic, but was now employed as an offensive tactic. The offensive method was the same as the defensive method with one major exception. Once a line moved passed the line that was stopped and then stopped ahead of that line, then the line would move forward instead of going in the reverse direction.

Maxine Hong Kingstons Woman Warrior - No Name Woman Essay -- Woman Wa

Maxine Hong Kingston's Woman Warrior - No Name Woman The excerpt, "No Name Woman", from Maxine Hong Kingston's book, Woman Warrior, gives insight into her life as a Chinese girl raised in America through a tragic story of her aunt's life, a young woman raised in a village in China in the early 1900s. The story shows the consequences beliefs, taught by parents, have on a child's life. Kingston attempts to figure out what role the teachings of her parents should have on her life, a similar attempt for many of us in the world. Lessons taught by our parents, the people who brought us into this world, help guide us into the people we become as adults. Hopefully, the guidance is positive. Kingston's story about her aunt sends a message as to how many families communicate the meaning of life. Through this story you will see how much we truly learn from our parents, some of it good and some of it bad. The story of Kingston's aunt, as told by her mother, started out by her mother saying. You must not tell anyone," my mother said, "what I am about to tell you. In China your father had a sister who killed herself. She jumped into the family well. We say that your father has all brothers because it is as if she had never been born." (Kingston, 319) In the first sentence of this quote, the mother is asking her daughter, Kingston, to remain quiet about a negative event, an occurrence deemed as shameful, in the family's life. Kingston's mother, playing a role model, taught her daught...

Accounting Ethics :: Free Essay Writer

If someone were to ask you what you thought was the most deceitful profession, certified public accountants would most certainly not be the first to come to mind. That is because CPAs are known and respected for their honesty. The profession goes out of its way to project that image, and there is a certain amount of truth to it. However, not all CPAs are squeaky clean and respected for their honesty. Some are quite dishonest and are putting a black mark on the image of the entire profession. There is one area where the CPA profession has fallen short of protecting the public interest. There is a general duty that accountants owe to their clients and the other persons who are affected by their actions. Two elements compose the general duty of performance: skill and care. Another element and responsibility is owed to clients and other persons, that is that accountants should observe a standard of ethical or social responsibility. One set of difficulties concerns ethics education's ability to instill the chosen values and to make them stick after the educational process is completed. Instruction in accounting ethics is directed at people whose character-or lack there-of-has largely been formed by the time the instruction occurs. Even those who are positively influenced by ethics instruction, moreover, may still behave irresponsibly if their careers or their livelihoods require them to act in their client's financial interest. Recent pressure to include more ethics instruction in the accounting classroom has placed an emphasis on individuals who have a sense of moral responsibility. In accounting ethics education literature the benefits of teaching ethics have been greatly influenced by the following set of goals presented by Loeb(1988): 1. Relate accounting education to moral issues. 2. Recognize issues in accounting that have ethical implications. 3. Develop "a sense of moral obligation" or responsibility. 4. Develop the abilities needed to deal with ethical conflicts or dilemmas. 5. Learn to deal with uncertainties of the accounting profession. 6. "Set the stage for" a change in ethical behavior. 7. Appreciate and understand the history and composition of all aspects of accounting ethics and their relationship to the general field of ethics. An emphasis on codes of conduct may result in students' failure to "develop discretion and judgment. . .which are more than simply a matter of what acts are forbidden, which are required, and which are permissible" (Whiteck, 1992, 128). Emphasis on rules may quickly become training in how to get around the rules while remaining technically legal.

Should America and Canada Have a Common Economy

People have always wondered what it would be like to step in the shoes of others – people that are completely different from them and see the differences and similarities in their lives. These days even countries are thinking of the same question. For example, what if, Canada started sharing its economy with the US? Canada and the United States have different economic systems even though the countries are geographically close to each other. In the economic continuum of planned, mixed and market economies, Canada has a mixed economy, and U. S has a market economy. Generally speaking, Canadians and Americans are very different people. Creating a single economy could have disastrous effects on the lives of the people and should not be done. First off, with less government involvement Canada would no longer have the things that Canadians celebrate. Secondly, the switch would go down hard on the homeless people of Canada who would now not have the government help that they desperately need and in a colder climate like that of Canada, it would be very hard for them to survive with the new economy not helping them much. And lastly, Canada already has the North American Free Trade Agreement which gives Canada, good cooperation with the United States and obviates the necessity of such a move. If the Canadian economy integrated into the American economy, the future of Canada would be destined to collapse because of the things that the people would lose. At the moment, Canada is a welfare state, where there are things such as senior pension plans, free healthcare and free education from K-12. If the economy converted, these would be no more. That would lead to the start of these services being commercialized which would make the prices skyrocket (refer to figure 1). Cost of living would go up. Health conditions would deteriorate and the workforce would not be as skilled due to higher cost of education. Also immigrant and refugee population would drop. That will adversely affect Canada's workforce. To sum up, the Canadian economy will suffer heavily. In the United States, the government, leaves much of the economy to the private sector and this leads to a higher cost of living. To the homeless people of Canada this is bad news. First of all, Canadian homeless people live in a very cold climate where they have to buy winter jackets and such. With a higher cost, the homeless people simply cannot afford the all the things to survive winter and will have lots of problems. This would add approximately 300,000 homeless protesters that would go against the integration along with the others that want free healthcare back and would cause big problems to the government. In 1994, The North American Free Trade Association started to be implemented and free trade started between Canada, America and Mexico. Canada has the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association) that makes Canada, United States and Mexico very good cooperative nations and together they have made the largest free trade area. [1] John McCain from the Republican party[5] said â€Å"Last year alone, we (U. S. ) exchanged some 560 billion dollars in goods, and Canada is the leading export market for 36 of the 50 United States. [2] The countries have agreed to many things that they will do for each other such as strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation among their nations, contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide a catalyst to broader international cooperation and many more things[3] NAFTA has created a very strong foundation for future and created good cooperation for the three economies. So why does Canada need to share economies? In fact, what Canada gets from it, is not worth the expenses and risks it faces during the transition. So as a summary, making such an integration possible could lead to devastation, and a lot of struggle for the people. So this should not be done. Making the switch, takes away the joys that we celebrate such as free healthcare and makes big problems in the lives of people that depend on these services. This also raises the prices of the goods in the market making a problem for not only the common people but even more drastically for the homeless people of Canada. Also, due to NAFTA, we have very good cooperation with the United States. Is all this really worth the change? Are we going to get enough back by doing this change?

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census Essay

What do the terms race and ethnicity mean to you? Why are these concepts important to United States society? Race is usually defined by the color of a person’s skin such as black, or white. These words are used very frequently. Ethnicity is a more proper way to define us as people and usually refers to our cultural background/ancestry. For example: Africans, African Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics. These concepts are important to the United States because of the diversity, and all walks of life, census plays a big role. Our ethnicity/race is what distinctively separates us from one another by groups. Also according to (Office Of Management and budget August 28,1995) In 1977, OMB issued the Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting that are set forth in Statistical Policy Directive No. 15. The standards in this Directive have been used for almost two decades throughout the Federal government for recordkeeping, collection, and presentation of data on race and Hispanic origin. The standards have been used in two decennial censuses and in surveys of the population, data collections necessary for meeting statutory requirements associated with civil rights monitoring and enforcement, and in other administrative program reporting. Data collection agencies have legislative authority to collect racial and ethnic data needed for Federal programs and in the case of the decennial census, for redistricting. They also use racial and ethnic data for analyses of social, economic, and health trends for population groups. Basically it is important for them to collect this info for federal, business, and statistical reasons. References: http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/fedreg_race-ethnicity

Career Motivation

Abstract Career Motivation is usually examined among young or mid-career workers. The older worker is left alone. Unfortunately, in an environment in which the older person represents the fastest growing segment of the labor force, this critical resource is being frittered away. Examination of current practices suggests a large portion of older workers are persuaded by their employers' actions that their careers are at an end. Alternatives to extend and increase this group's Career motivation are discussed. Research exploring the underlying processes involved in successful mentorships has been lacking.In the present study, the roles of Career motivation explanatory factors were examined. Career motivation mediated the relationship between career mentoring and performance effectiveness. Contrary to prediction, only marginal support was received for career self-efficacy as a mediator between mentoring and indicators of career success. Career motivation is unique in that it was the firs t to reveal linkages between mentoring, career self-efficacy and Career motivation. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussed. Index TOPICSPAGE NO. What is Career? What is motivation? What is Career Motivation? ypes of Career motivations Identifying Career Motivation Example of Career Motivation worksheet Ways of Career motivation Career motivation at work References What is Career? Career is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a person's â€Å"course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)† By the late 20th century, a wide range of choices (especially in the range of potential professions) and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan (or design) a career: in this respect the careers of the career counselor and of the career advisor have grown up.It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professio nal identities have become hyphenated or hybridized to reflect this shift in work ethic. The progress and actions taken by a person throughout a lifetime, especially those related to that person's occupations. A career is often composed of the jobs held, titles earned and work accomplished over a long period of time, rather than just referring to one position.While employees in some cultures and economies stay with one job during their career, there is an increasing trend to employees changing jobs more frequently. For example, an individual's career could involve being a lawyer, though the individual could work for several different firms and in several different areas of law over a lifetime. See also career ladder. What is motivation? Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors.It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforce s an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal.Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class. What is Career Motivation? In order to motivate yourself towards a successful and rewarding career, you need a combination of several factors to work together in your favor.These factors may inclu de your own ambition and efforts to prosper, backed by the love and inspiration of your loved ones. However, it is important to remember that the ultimate responsibility of excelling in the career of your choice is yours and only you can work towards it to make your dreams a reality. While planning for your career development, you will also need to understand and analyze your talents, qualifications and skills that might help you in getting inspired towards the path of development.Career motivations are what energize and motivate you when you think about what you want to accomplish or work towards in your career. They are concrete descriptions of how you want to engage in your work. They are not job titles and they are not general words or phrases like â€Å"fulfillment, financial security, happiness, work/life balance† etc. Understanding what motivates you can help you find a career direction. It seems possible that career motivation is one factor that can help explain the b enefits from mentoring relationships. areer motivation is theorized as being comprised of three components: career resilience, career insight, and career identity . Career resiliencies the ability to adapt to changing circumstances, even when circum-stances are discouraging or disruptive. It consists of characteristics such as belief in self, willingness to take risks, and need for achievement. Career insights’ the ability to be realistic about ones career and consists of establishing clear, feasible career goals and realizing ones strengths and weaknesses. Career identities the extent that one defines oneself by ones work.It is associated with job, organizational, and pro-fissional involvement, nee career motivation career motivation examined personal and situational correlates of career commitment and found that of the variables investigated, having a mentor was the most robust correlate. It was suggested that mentoring increases career commitment by three means. First, men toring facilitates self-directedness, career involvement, career success, and positive attitudes toward the career. Second, the mentor may demonstrate the rewards that can be attained if an individual sticks with a career.Finally, mentoring helps the development of career commitment because both the mentoring relationship and career commitment revolve around the needs and ambitions of individuals. To promote career motivation employees should be provided with positive reinforcement for good performance, given opportunities for achievement and input, and receive support for skill development support. This can be achieved by encouraging employees to think about the long-term effects of their current work behavior and to develop career plans. Information about career options should be provided and realistic expectations cultivated.Goal setting should be encouraged and fair and accurate feedback provided. Finally, to heighten career motivation, work involvement should be emphasized by p ro-viding job challenges, and by encouraging professional activities and opportunities for leadership and advancement Supporting these suggestions, found individuals were more likely to have high levels of career motivation when their manager was supportive, provided clear performance feedback, encouraged subordinates to set career goals, initiated discussions related to development and career-related issues and made the job challenging.That is, man-ager mentor-like behaviors were associated with higher levels of career motivation among subordinates’. In sum, the existing literature suggests a relationship between mentoring and Career motivation. Hypothesis 1. Mentored individuals will have a higher level of career motivation than those who have not been mentored. Hypothesis 2a. Among those who are mentored, there will be a positive relationship between psychosocial mentoring and Career motivation. Hypothesis 2b. Among those who are mentored, there will be a positive relation ship between career mentoring and career motivation.We suggest that career motivation plays a part in the relationship between mentoring and indicators of career success. It seems likely that mentoring relates to career motivation, which in turn relates to career success. For example, London (1983) stated that one aspect of career motivation is the desire for upward mobility. He suggested individuals would establish career paths to further their advancement possibilities, request to be considered for promotions, volunteer for important assignments, request and assume leadership roles, and request salary increases.London also suggested that those high in career motivation might have greater career advancement opportunities since they work harder on projects that affect their career. Career motivation behaviors have been theorized to predict pro-motions and salaries, yet only one empirical study to date has shown career motivation to be as-associated with promotions. We extend this li ne of research in the present study by relating career motivation with both objective and subjective indicators of career success. Past studies have primarily used objective measures such as employee income, promotion rate and job title to define career success.However, solely using objective criteria to determine success may neglect important information. For ex-ample, a managers, who appeared successful by reason of position and income, did not feel successful or proud of their accomplishments. It is important to explore individual’s appraisal of their own success because these perceptions are likely to impact their career. Hypothesis 3. Career motivation will positively relate to objective and Subjective career success. Hypothesis 4a. Career motivation will mediate the relationship between career mentoring and career success.Hypothesis 4b. Career motivation will mediate the relationship between psychosocial mentoring and career success. There are three types of Career moti vations: 1. Core Career motivations: Core Career motivations are what you want to spend your time doing. These include competencies (skills, knowledge and attributes) that you want to develop, specific things you want to create, or passions and causes that you want to pursue. 2. Work environment Motivations: Work environment Motivations is things that are important for you in your workplace.These include aspects of the physical environment, the work culture, the way Work is structured (e. g. hours, schedule, etc. ), and how you like to work with others (e. g. as a leader, Support person, expert advisor, etc. ). 3. Lifestyle Motivations: Lifestyle Motivations are what your career allows you to do in other areas of your life. This could include money, time, travel, relationships, and other parts that make up your work/life balance. All three types are important, but your core Motivations will be most helpful in pointing in a career direction.It can take time to uncover your own Motiva tions, and it can be tricky to separate what you really want from what you feel you â€Å"should† want. It’s a good idea to revisit them from time to time. Sample Motivations †¢ I want to manage information about people (not technical or financial) in a social service or educational setting (core Motivation) †¢ I want to design and manage service-oriented systems, processes and procedures to make systems run more efficiently and help people (core Motivation) †¢ I want to be recognized for making others’ lives easier (core Motivation) I like being in a structured work environment where I have to respond to things that happen unexpectedly (work environment Motivation) †¢ I want to balance the time and energy I use while earning my living with the time and energy I devote to my passion for competitive marathon running (lifestyle Motivation) Identifying Career Motivation Follow these steps to make a list of four to six personal Career motivations : 1. Step 1: Complete the Career motivation Worksheet on page 3. 2. Brainstorm a list of possible career options that includes different type of work and educational opportunities.Review your list and think about why you have chosen your options. Do they connect with the Motivations you included on the Career motivation Worksheet? Add any new insights to the worksheet. 3. Brainstorm a list of â€Å"de-Motivations† that describe what you don’t want in your career. Reflect on your past work and educational experience. Review your list and think about the opposite of each de-Motivation. Do these opposites connect with the Motivations you included on the worksheet? 4. Review all the statements on your worksheet and identify patterns and themes.Write a set of four to six statements that summarize your key Career motivations, and make sure that at least three or four of your statements describe your core Motivations. Include enough detail to be meaningful. Don’t worry if some of your Motivations conflict with one another, or if they’re not realistic right now—it’s all part of the journey. Example of Career Motivation worksheet What are your interests? Rank the following interests in order of their importance to you. †¢ Working with things, numbers and objects ________ †¢ Contact with people ________ Working with machines ________ †¢ Working with animals or plants ________ †¢ Working to improve social conditions ________ †¢ Detailed, organized, routine work ________ †¢ Studying people or communicating ideas ________ †¢ Scientific or technical work ________ †¢ Directing or organizing ________ †¢ Abstract and creative work ________ †¢ Working on or producing things ________ Now use your rankings to answer these questions: 1. What interests and activities energize you? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the skills that you really enjoy us ing? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What kinds of activities engage you so completely that you get wrapped up in them and lose track of time? 4. What kinds of subject or knowledge areas are you drawn to? ________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the first 2 or 3 sections that you head for when you go to the bookstore? ________________________________________________________________ What are your passions or causes? 1. What causes do you get excited about? ________________________________________________________________ 2.Where is the â€Å"juice† or â€Å"spark† when you think about your career? ________________________________________________________________ 3. If you were independently wealthy, had done everything you wanted to do in terms of travel/leisure and had the total support, understanding and acceptance of your family and friends, what would you choose to do with your time? 4. What would you do if you knew (and were 100% guaranteed) that you would not fail? What type of work environment do you want? Rank the following work environments in order of their importance to you. †¢ Setting your own schedule ________ Influencing people's opinions, attitudes or actions ________ †¢ Variety with many changing duties ________ †¢ Working under stressful situations ________ †¢ Making decisions based on personal judgment ________ †¢ Knowing exactly what is expected of me ________ †¢ Taking responsibility- being in control ________ †¢ Work requiring precision ________ †¢ Freely expressing ideas and emotions ________ †¢ Making decisions based on facts ________ †¢ Working closely with people ________ †¢ Working alone ________ Now use your rankings to answer these questions: 1. How do you see yourself working with others (e. . leader, support person, expert advisor, etc. )? 2. What type of people would you work well with, and how would you work with them? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What places and environments make you feel engaged and energized? 4. What type of organization would you like to be part of? ________________________________________________________________ What type of lifestyle do you want? 1. What does your career need to provide you with in terms of money and time commitment so that it will fit with and support the other important aspects of your life? _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of income do you have to have in order to support the kind of life that you want to build? ________________________________________________________________ 3. How much time are you willing to devote to your career so that it balances with the rest of your life? ________________________________________________________ Ways of Career motivation Motivation Through RelationshipsThe people who love and care for you can make a great difference in your life in motivating and inspiring you towards a better career. Some of your closest relationships may work as a base of all your career improvements. These relationships might be the best and only reason for which you want to move ahead in your career and do well to provide absolute security and happiness to your family. It is the care and concern that you share in these relationships that might encourage you to achieve your career goals, which in turn helps you to provide the best of everything to your loved ones.Motivation Through Leisure You leisure time activities and associations can also help you in motivating yourself towards your career. It is important to interact with different kinds of people coming from different walks of life and professions. You also need to participate in the hobbies and activities that you enjoy so that your recreational requirements are also fulfilled. These activit ies help you unwind from a long day or a weekly routine and will keep you motivated when you are planning your career.Your entire personality needs to be taken care of in order to motivate yourself. Lack of relaxation and recreation may lead you towards boredom and depression, which in turn can diminish your enthusiasm and energy levels. Motivation From Peers One of the best ways to motivate yourself towards a great career may come from your present workplace itself. Attending seminars, conferences and meetings can help you in acquiring many professional contacts such as career counselors, academic professionals, supervisors and people with similar interests and career objectives.In the process, you may gain invaluable resources and advice from masterminds that might motivate you to a great extent. Seeing other people with the same or similar educational backgrounds and qualifications in higher positions can further motivate you to improve your own career prospects through sharing k nowledge and ideas with them about how you can go about it. Just knowing that you have a great network of resource pool can be sufficient to motivate you. Motivation From Your Mentor Your personal mentor can be the most important person who can motivate you so that you achieve your career objectives.A good mentor can be your friend, philosopher and guide to direct you towards the road of success. A mentor will not only coach you and provide critical advice to support you in your endeavors, but will also introduce you with useful contacts and the right people to further expedite your career development process. The mentor can also measure your success and failure aspects and alter your action plan accordingly. Career motivation at work 1. Clarify your goals Nothing is more demotivating than working haphazardly without having a clear vision, mission and set of objectives for your work.Without a clear vision and knowledge of how your work impacts the big picture you may well end up spe nding a lot of time on urgent unimportant matters rater than tasks that positively impact the big picture. Clarify in no uncertain terms your vision, mission and objectives and focus on them beginning always with the end in mind. It is remarkable what you will achieve once you have honed in on your precise goals and can focus on them and visualize yourself achieving them. 2. Establish a clear game-plan for achieving your goalsOnce you have clarified your vision and goals, formulate a detailed strategy for getting there and chart your progress on a regular and ongoing basis. Break down large complex projects into a series of manageable tasks that are interesting and achievable. Having a blueprint for success that is composed of clear, sensible milestones and achievable interesting tasks will greatly simplify and lend meaning to your daily routine and will also give you a feeling of control over your work and deadlines which largely boosts motivation.The more organized you are and can focus and adhere to accomplishing your goals according to your detailed blueprint for success, the more motivated you will be and the less likely you are to fall into a fit of panic or insecurity and lose confidence and motivation. 3. Ride the Wave of your Successes Success is very stimulating. Work hard enough to achieve successful results and see how motivated you are to achieve further successes as you excel in your performance. Work hard, aim to overachieve your goals and ride the momentum of each success to achieve further successes.Remind yourself that once your vision is clear and you have a set of well-defined, reasonable objectives and milestones to reach, the secret of success is hard work, creativity and perseverance. Aim to ride the wave of each success to further the next success and channel the positive energy to achieving similar superlative performance in your next task or project. It is not always that you can ride the wave of euphoria that arises from a sound succ ess story so make sure you leverage and take advantage of these bursts of energy and motivation to the extent possible. . Reward yourself Reward yourself as you achieve your objectives and/or reach specific important milestones. Plan ahead what forms this reward will take and what tasks/projects/results will be rewarded. This will give you something to look forward to, extra drive to get there and a surge of excitement and enthusiasm when you do attain your desired goals. 5. Keep Things in Perspective It is important to keep things in perspective and always remind yourself of why you work.Beside the pay, it is often about realizing your potential, feeling alive and useful, feeling connected, making a difference in the world, expressing creativity, expanding your skills and abilities, helping others and contributing to the community. List the reasons you entered the field you are in and when times are tough remind yourself of why you do the work you do. Also remind yourself that work is work and that you have a life outside of work to look forward to, enjoy and make a difference in. 6. Maintain a healthy work/life balance It is very easy to lose yourself at work and forget what awaits you outside of the work arena.Maintaining a healthy work/life balance is essential both for your general motivation level and your overall wellbeing. Make sure you take the time to do the things you like to do outside of work whether it be connecting with friends and family, exercising, reading, taking courses, shopping or other hobbies and activities that channel your creativity and energy. Having something to look forward to after work will see you through moments of drudgery at work when your motivation and energy levels are not as high as they could be and will also make you more productive at work. . Think positive Negativity is a contagious affliction that drains you of energy, slows you down, saps your enthusiasm and blinds you to the reasons you work. Avoid negative feelin gs at all costs and concentrate on the positive. To do this, listen to motivational tapes, to music that particularly inspires you, read motivational books, talk to inspired or inspiring people, surround yourself with positive stimuli and concentrate on the reasons you work. Find things to laugh at as long as you are not laughing at your peers and count your blessings at every opportunity.Focus on positives regardless of how small or inconsequential they are whether it be a positive remark from a boss or peer, accomplishing your day's goals earlier than usual, overachieving on a small deliverable, working well with people, a looming vacation, completing a difficult task or any other positive stimulus. REFERENCES †¢Business dictionary. com †¢http://www. streetdirectory. com †¢Wikipedia †¢https://passport. baidu. com †¢Worldpress. com †¢R. Day, T. D. Allen / Journal of Vocational Behavior (2003) †¢(Colarelli & Bishop, 1990).London and colleagues (Lon don, 1990; London & Bray, 1984; London & Mone,1987) several suggestions as to how to develop, support and enhance career motivation. †¢Noe, Noe, and Bachhuber (1990) article †¢(Dreher & Ash, 1990; Orpen, 1995; Scandura, 1992; Whitely, Dougherty, & Dreher, 1991) Article †¢www. careercast. com †¢library. educationworld. ne †¢(London & Bray, 1984). Career motivation can also be enhanced through career 2 R. Day, T. D. Allen / Journal of Vocational Behavior (2003) Article in press †¢(London & Mone, 1987). Article in press Career Motivation Abstract Career Motivation is usually examined among young or mid-career workers. The older worker is left alone. Unfortunately, in an environment in which the older person represents the fastest growing segment of the labor force, this critical resource is being frittered away. Examination of current practices suggests a large portion of older workers are persuaded by their employers' actions that their careers are at an end. Alternatives to extend and increase this group's Career motivation are discussed. Research exploring the underlying processes involved in successful mentorships has been lacking.In the present study, the roles of Career motivation explanatory factors were examined. Career motivation mediated the relationship between career mentoring and performance effectiveness. Contrary to prediction, only marginal support was received for career self-efficacy as a mediator between mentoring and indicators of career success. Career motivation is unique in that it was the firs t to reveal linkages between mentoring, career self-efficacy and Career motivation. Theoretical and practical implications of results are discussed. Index TOPICSPAGE NO. What is Career? What is motivation? What is Career Motivation? ypes of Career motivations Identifying Career Motivation Example of Career Motivation worksheet Ways of Career motivation Career motivation at work References What is Career? Career is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as a person's â€Å"course or progress through life (or a distinct portion of life)† By the late 20th century, a wide range of choices (especially in the range of potential professions) and more widespread education had allowed it to become possible to plan (or design) a career: in this respect the careers of the career counselor and of the career advisor have grown up.It is also not uncommon for adults in the late 20th/early 21st centuries to have dual or multiple careers, either sequentially or concurrently. Thus, professio nal identities have become hyphenated or hybridized to reflect this shift in work ethic. The progress and actions taken by a person throughout a lifetime, especially those related to that person's occupations. A career is often composed of the jobs held, titles earned and work accomplished over a long period of time, rather than just referring to one position.While employees in some cultures and economies stay with one job during their career, there is an increasing trend to employees changing jobs more frequently. For example, an individual's career could involve being a lawyer, though the individual could work for several different firms and in several different areas of law over a lifetime. See also career ladder. What is motivation? Motivation is the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors.It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforce s an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social areas. Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal.Motivation results from the interaction of both conscious and unconscious factors such as the (1) intensity of desire or need, (2) incentive or reward value of the goal, and (3) expectations of the individual and of his or her peers. These factors are the reasons one has for behaving a certain way. An example is a student that spends extra time studying for a test because he or she wants a better grade in the class. What is Career Motivation? In order to motivate yourself towards a successful and rewarding career, you need a combination of several factors to work together in your favor.These factors may inclu de your own ambition and efforts to prosper, backed by the love and inspiration of your loved ones. However, it is important to remember that the ultimate responsibility of excelling in the career of your choice is yours and only you can work towards it to make your dreams a reality. While planning for your career development, you will also need to understand and analyze your talents, qualifications and skills that might help you in getting inspired towards the path of development.Career motivations are what energize and motivate you when you think about what you want to accomplish or work towards in your career. They are concrete descriptions of how you want to engage in your work. They are not job titles and they are not general words or phrases like â€Å"fulfillment, financial security, happiness, work/life balance† etc. Understanding what motivates you can help you find a career direction. It seems possible that career motivation is one factor that can help explain the b enefits from mentoring relationships. areer motivation is theorized as being comprised of three components: career resilience, career insight, and career identity . Career resiliencies the ability to adapt to changing circumstances, even when circum-stances are discouraging or disruptive. It consists of characteristics such as belief in self, willingness to take risks, and need for achievement. Career insights’ the ability to be realistic about ones career and consists of establishing clear, feasible career goals and realizing ones strengths and weaknesses. Career identities the extent that one defines oneself by ones work.It is associated with job, organizational, and pro-fissional involvement, nee career motivation career motivation examined personal and situational correlates of career commitment and found that of the variables investigated, having a mentor was the most robust correlate. It was suggested that mentoring increases career commitment by three means. First, men toring facilitates self-directedness, career involvement, career success, and positive attitudes toward the career. Second, the mentor may demonstrate the rewards that can be attained if an individual sticks with a career.Finally, mentoring helps the development of career commitment because both the mentoring relationship and career commitment revolve around the needs and ambitions of individuals. To promote career motivation employees should be provided with positive reinforcement for good performance, given opportunities for achievement and input, and receive support for skill development support. This can be achieved by encouraging employees to think about the long-term effects of their current work behavior and to develop career plans. Information about career options should be provided and realistic expectations cultivated.Goal setting should be encouraged and fair and accurate feedback provided. Finally, to heighten career motivation, work involvement should be emphasized by p ro-viding job challenges, and by encouraging professional activities and opportunities for leadership and advancement Supporting these suggestions, found individuals were more likely to have high levels of career motivation when their manager was supportive, provided clear performance feedback, encouraged subordinates to set career goals, initiated discussions related to development and career-related issues and made the job challenging.That is, man-ager mentor-like behaviors were associated with higher levels of career motivation among subordinates’. In sum, the existing literature suggests a relationship between mentoring and Career motivation. Hypothesis 1. Mentored individuals will have a higher level of career motivation than those who have not been mentored. Hypothesis 2a. Among those who are mentored, there will be a positive relationship between psychosocial mentoring and Career motivation. Hypothesis 2b. Among those who are mentored, there will be a positive relation ship between career mentoring and career motivation.We suggest that career motivation plays a part in the relationship between mentoring and indicators of career success. It seems likely that mentoring relates to career motivation, which in turn relates to career success. For example, London (1983) stated that one aspect of career motivation is the desire for upward mobility. He suggested individuals would establish career paths to further their advancement possibilities, request to be considered for promotions, volunteer for important assignments, request and assume leadership roles, and request salary increases.London also suggested that those high in career motivation might have greater career advancement opportunities since they work harder on projects that affect their career. Career motivation behaviors have been theorized to predict pro-motions and salaries, yet only one empirical study to date has shown career motivation to be as-associated with promotions. We extend this li ne of research in the present study by relating career motivation with both objective and subjective indicators of career success. Past studies have primarily used objective measures such as employee income, promotion rate and job title to define career success.However, solely using objective criteria to determine success may neglect important information. For ex-ample, a managers, who appeared successful by reason of position and income, did not feel successful or proud of their accomplishments. It is important to explore individual’s appraisal of their own success because these perceptions are likely to impact their career. Hypothesis 3. Career motivation will positively relate to objective and Subjective career success. Hypothesis 4a. Career motivation will mediate the relationship between career mentoring and career success.Hypothesis 4b. Career motivation will mediate the relationship between psychosocial mentoring and career success. There are three types of Career moti vations: 1. Core Career motivations: Core Career motivations are what you want to spend your time doing. These include competencies (skills, knowledge and attributes) that you want to develop, specific things you want to create, or passions and causes that you want to pursue. 2. Work environment Motivations: Work environment Motivations is things that are important for you in your workplace.These include aspects of the physical environment, the work culture, the way Work is structured (e. g. hours, schedule, etc. ), and how you like to work with others (e. g. as a leader, Support person, expert advisor, etc. ). 3. Lifestyle Motivations: Lifestyle Motivations are what your career allows you to do in other areas of your life. This could include money, time, travel, relationships, and other parts that make up your work/life balance. All three types are important, but your core Motivations will be most helpful in pointing in a career direction.It can take time to uncover your own Motiva tions, and it can be tricky to separate what you really want from what you feel you â€Å"should† want. It’s a good idea to revisit them from time to time. Sample Motivations †¢ I want to manage information about people (not technical or financial) in a social service or educational setting (core Motivation) †¢ I want to design and manage service-oriented systems, processes and procedures to make systems run more efficiently and help people (core Motivation) †¢ I want to be recognized for making others’ lives easier (core Motivation) I like being in a structured work environment where I have to respond to things that happen unexpectedly (work environment Motivation) †¢ I want to balance the time and energy I use while earning my living with the time and energy I devote to my passion for competitive marathon running (lifestyle Motivation) Identifying Career Motivation Follow these steps to make a list of four to six personal Career motivations : 1. Step 1: Complete the Career motivation Worksheet on page 3. 2. Brainstorm a list of possible career options that includes different type of work and educational opportunities.Review your list and think about why you have chosen your options. Do they connect with the Motivations you included on the Career motivation Worksheet? Add any new insights to the worksheet. 3. Brainstorm a list of â€Å"de-Motivations† that describe what you don’t want in your career. Reflect on your past work and educational experience. Review your list and think about the opposite of each de-Motivation. Do these opposites connect with the Motivations you included on the worksheet? 4. Review all the statements on your worksheet and identify patterns and themes.Write a set of four to six statements that summarize your key Career motivations, and make sure that at least three or four of your statements describe your core Motivations. Include enough detail to be meaningful. Don’t worry if some of your Motivations conflict with one another, or if they’re not realistic right now—it’s all part of the journey. Example of Career Motivation worksheet What are your interests? Rank the following interests in order of their importance to you. †¢ Working with things, numbers and objects ________ †¢ Contact with people ________ Working with machines ________ †¢ Working with animals or plants ________ †¢ Working to improve social conditions ________ †¢ Detailed, organized, routine work ________ †¢ Studying people or communicating ideas ________ †¢ Scientific or technical work ________ †¢ Directing or organizing ________ †¢ Abstract and creative work ________ †¢ Working on or producing things ________ Now use your rankings to answer these questions: 1. What interests and activities energize you? ________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the skills that you really enjoy us ing? _______________________________________________________________ 3. What kinds of activities engage you so completely that you get wrapped up in them and lose track of time? 4. What kinds of subject or knowledge areas are you drawn to? ________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the first 2 or 3 sections that you head for when you go to the bookstore? ________________________________________________________________ What are your passions or causes? 1. What causes do you get excited about? ________________________________________________________________ 2.Where is the â€Å"juice† or â€Å"spark† when you think about your career? ________________________________________________________________ 3. If you were independently wealthy, had done everything you wanted to do in terms of travel/leisure and had the total support, understanding and acceptance of your family and friends, what would you choose to do with your time? 4. What would you do if you knew (and were 100% guaranteed) that you would not fail? What type of work environment do you want? Rank the following work environments in order of their importance to you. †¢ Setting your own schedule ________ Influencing people's opinions, attitudes or actions ________ †¢ Variety with many changing duties ________ †¢ Working under stressful situations ________ †¢ Making decisions based on personal judgment ________ †¢ Knowing exactly what is expected of me ________ †¢ Taking responsibility- being in control ________ †¢ Work requiring precision ________ †¢ Freely expressing ideas and emotions ________ †¢ Making decisions based on facts ________ †¢ Working closely with people ________ †¢ Working alone ________ Now use your rankings to answer these questions: 1. How do you see yourself working with others (e. . leader, support person, expert advisor, etc. )? 2. What type of people would you work well with, and how would you work with them? ________________________________________________________________ 3. What places and environments make you feel engaged and energized? 4. What type of organization would you like to be part of? ________________________________________________________________ What type of lifestyle do you want? 1. What does your career need to provide you with in terms of money and time commitment so that it will fit with and support the other important aspects of your life? _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 2. What kind of income do you have to have in order to support the kind of life that you want to build? ________________________________________________________________ 3. How much time are you willing to devote to your career so that it balances with the rest of your life? ________________________________________________________ Ways of Career motivation Motivation Through RelationshipsThe people who love and care for you can make a great difference in your life in motivating and inspiring you towards a better career. Some of your closest relationships may work as a base of all your career improvements. These relationships might be the best and only reason for which you want to move ahead in your career and do well to provide absolute security and happiness to your family. It is the care and concern that you share in these relationships that might encourage you to achieve your career goals, which in turn helps you to provide the best of everything to your loved ones.Motivation Through Leisure You leisure time activities and associations can also help you in motivating yourself towards your career. It is important to interact with different kinds of people coming from different walks of life and professions. You also need to participate in the hobbies and activities that you enjoy so that your recreational requirements are also fulfilled. These activit ies help you unwind from a long day or a weekly routine and will keep you motivated when you are planning your career.Your entire personality needs to be taken care of in order to motivate yourself. Lack of relaxation and recreation may lead you towards boredom and depression, which in turn can diminish your enthusiasm and energy levels. Motivation From Peers One of the best ways to motivate yourself towards a great career may come from your present workplace itself. Attending seminars, conferences and meetings can help you in acquiring many professional contacts such as career counselors, academic professionals, supervisors and people with similar interests and career objectives.In the process, you may gain invaluable resources and advice from masterminds that might motivate you to a great extent. Seeing other people with the same or similar educational backgrounds and qualifications in higher positions can further motivate you to improve your own career prospects through sharing k nowledge and ideas with them about how you can go about it. Just knowing that you have a great network of resource pool can be sufficient to motivate you. Motivation From Your Mentor Your personal mentor can be the most important person who can motivate you so that you achieve your career objectives.A good mentor can be your friend, philosopher and guide to direct you towards the road of success. A mentor will not only coach you and provide critical advice to support you in your endeavors, but will also introduce you with useful contacts and the right people to further expedite your career development process. The mentor can also measure your success and failure aspects and alter your action plan accordingly. Career motivation at work 1. Clarify your goals Nothing is more demotivating than working haphazardly without having a clear vision, mission and set of objectives for your work.Without a clear vision and knowledge of how your work impacts the big picture you may well end up spe nding a lot of time on urgent unimportant matters rater than tasks that positively impact the big picture. Clarify in no uncertain terms your vision, mission and objectives and focus on them beginning always with the end in mind. It is remarkable what you will achieve once you have honed in on your precise goals and can focus on them and visualize yourself achieving them. 2. Establish a clear game-plan for achieving your goalsOnce you have clarified your vision and goals, formulate a detailed strategy for getting there and chart your progress on a regular and ongoing basis. Break down large complex projects into a series of manageable tasks that are interesting and achievable. Having a blueprint for success that is composed of clear, sensible milestones and achievable interesting tasks will greatly simplify and lend meaning to your daily routine and will also give you a feeling of control over your work and deadlines which largely boosts motivation.The more organized you are and can focus and adhere to accomplishing your goals according to your detailed blueprint for success, the more motivated you will be and the less likely you are to fall into a fit of panic or insecurity and lose confidence and motivation. 3. Ride the Wave of your Successes Success is very stimulating. Work hard enough to achieve successful results and see how motivated you are to achieve further successes as you excel in your performance. Work hard, aim to overachieve your goals and ride the momentum of each success to achieve further successes.Remind yourself that once your vision is clear and you have a set of well-defined, reasonable objectives and milestones to reach, the secret of success is hard work, creativity and perseverance. Aim to ride the wave of each success to further the next success and channel the positive energy to achieving similar superlative performance in your next task or project. It is not always that you can ride the wave of euphoria that arises from a sound succ ess story so make sure you leverage and take advantage of these bursts of energy and motivation to the extent possible. . Reward yourself Reward yourself as you achieve your objectives and/or reach specific important milestones. Plan ahead what forms this reward will take and what tasks/projects/results will be rewarded. This will give you something to look forward to, extra drive to get there and a surge of excitement and enthusiasm when you do attain your desired goals. 5. Keep Things in Perspective It is important to keep things in perspective and always remind yourself of why you work.Beside the pay, it is often about realizing your potential, feeling alive and useful, feeling connected, making a difference in the world, expressing creativity, expanding your skills and abilities, helping others and contributing to the community. List the reasons you entered the field you are in and when times are tough remind yourself of why you do the work you do. Also remind yourself that work is work and that you have a life outside of work to look forward to, enjoy and make a difference in. 6. Maintain a healthy work/life balance It is very easy to lose yourself at work and forget what awaits you outside of the work arena.Maintaining a healthy work/life balance is essential both for your general motivation level and your overall wellbeing. Make sure you take the time to do the things you like to do outside of work whether it be connecting with friends and family, exercising, reading, taking courses, shopping or other hobbies and activities that channel your creativity and energy. Having something to look forward to after work will see you through moments of drudgery at work when your motivation and energy levels are not as high as they could be and will also make you more productive at work. . Think positive Negativity is a contagious affliction that drains you of energy, slows you down, saps your enthusiasm and blinds you to the reasons you work. Avoid negative feelin gs at all costs and concentrate on the positive. To do this, listen to motivational tapes, to music that particularly inspires you, read motivational books, talk to inspired or inspiring people, surround yourself with positive stimuli and concentrate on the reasons you work. Find things to laugh at as long as you are not laughing at your peers and count your blessings at every opportunity.Focus on positives regardless of how small or inconsequential they are whether it be a positive remark from a boss or peer, accomplishing your day's goals earlier than usual, overachieving on a small deliverable, working well with people, a looming vacation, completing a difficult task or any other positive stimulus. REFERENCES †¢Business dictionary. com †¢http://www. streetdirectory. com †¢Wikipedia †¢https://passport. baidu. com †¢Worldpress. com †¢R. Day, T. D. Allen / Journal of Vocational Behavior (2003) †¢(Colarelli & Bishop, 1990).London and colleagues (Lon don, 1990; London & Bray, 1984; London & Mone,1987) several suggestions as to how to develop, support and enhance career motivation. †¢Noe, Noe, and Bachhuber (1990) article †¢(Dreher & Ash, 1990; Orpen, 1995; Scandura, 1992; Whitely, Dougherty, & Dreher, 1991) Article †¢www. careercast. com †¢library. educationworld. ne †¢(London & Bray, 1984). Career motivation can also be enhanced through career 2 R. Day, T. D. Allen / Journal of Vocational Behavior (2003) Article in press †¢(London & Mone, 1987). Article in press